![]() ![]() Jenner took material from a cowpox sore on milkmaid Sarah Nelmes’ hand and inoculated it into the arm of James Phipps, the 9-year-old son of Jenner’s gardener. Jenner also knew about variolation and guessed that exposure to cowpox could be used to protect against smallpox. The basis for vaccination began in 1796 when the English doctor Edward Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had gotten cowpox were protected from smallpox. However, fewer people died from variolation than if they had acquired smallpox naturally. After variolation, people usually developed the symptoms associated with smallpox, such as fever and a rash. During variolation, people who had never had smallpox were exposed to material from smallpox sores (pustules) by scratching the material into their arm or inhaling it through the nose. One of the first methods for controlling smallpox was variolation, a process named after the virus that causes smallpox (variola virus). ![]() People who survived usually had scars, which were sometimes severe. On average, 3 out of every 10 people who got it died.
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